Last Updated December 1, 2023

Market Structure &

Order Execution

U.S. equity market structure has evolved over decades to create an environment that is unparalleled for retail investors today in terms of their ability to access the stock market at very low cost. Robinhood believes that policymakers and regulators should work with market participants to preserve these benefits for all Americans, not just the wealthy few.

Key Points:

  • Retail investors have more access than ever before.
  • Robinhood leads the way for commission-free, no account minimum investing.

What We’ve Seen

Retail investors in the U.S. have never had it better in terms of their ability to access the markets and invest at very low cost. U.S. capital markets are the deepest, most liquid in the world. The exceptional quality of our markets is driven in part by high levels of retail investor participation.

What We’re Doing

Robinhood championed commission-free, no account minimum investing in the U.S., and the industry has followed our lead. According to a Robinhood-commissioned study, this saved investors over $17 billion in 2020 and 2021. It also found that Robinhood customers have benefited from more than $8 billion in price improvement compared to the National Best Bid and Offer (NBBO) during that time period. Our model was made possible by an established and regulated market practice known as payment for order flow (PFOF), which has helped bring tens of millions of new investors into the stock market by driving the cost of investing and trading down to historically low levels.

In 2022, the SEC proposed four rules that would fundamentally change the way your stock trades are executed and the prices you receive when you go to buy and sell stocks. We fear that these changes will in many instances make it more difficult, confusing, and expensive for you to invest and trade. New rules should be proposed carefully and only after regulators collect data, engage with market participants, and conduct a meaningful analysis of the potential problems and solutions, including the real costs and benefits for investors – which in our view the SEC did not do before proposing these rules.

Robinhood will continue to fight for what we believe is right for investors and the long-term health of the markets.We urge the SEC to take a thoughtful and incremental approach to market structure reform, and will be an active participant in this ongoing debate on behalf of millions of Americans that have begun to participate in the markets over the past decade.

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Resources

How Market Making Works with Doug Cifu

Robinhood

Podcast

Quality by the numbers

House Committee on Agriculture, Youtube; 2023

Other

Stock, ETF, and options order routing

Robinhood Help Center

Robinhood

Commission Savings and Execution Quality for Retail Trades

S.P. Kothari, Travis L. Johnson, Eric C. So, SSRN; 2021

Research Paper

Equity Trading in the 21st Century

James Angel, Lawrence Harris, Chester S. Spatt, SSRN; 2010

Research Paper

The Impact of Zero Commissions on Retail Trading

Shane Swanson, Coalition Greenwich; 2020

Report

GameStop and the Rise of Retail Trading

Jennifer J. Schulp, CATO Institute; 2021

Article

Demystifying Payment for Order Flow

Robinhood Blog

Blog

Debunking misinformation: Yes, you own the shares you buy through Robinhood

Jim Swartwout, Medium; 2021

Blog

It’s Time for Real-Time Settlement

Robinhood Blog

Blog

The Sub-Penny Opportunity

Jim Swartwout, Medium; 2021

Blog

Regulation Best Execution (S7-32-22)

Vanessa A. Countryman, Secretary U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission

Other

Order Competition Rule (S7-31-22)

Vanessa A. Countryman, Secretary U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission

Other

Regulation NMS (S7-30-22)

Vanessa A. Countryman, Secretary U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission

Other

Disclosure of Order Execution Information (S7-29-22)

U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission

Other

Self-Regulatory Organizations; National Securities Clearing Corporation; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change, as Modified by Amendment No. 1, To Revise the Excess Capital Premium Charge

John Markle, Robinhood; 2022

Letter

Self-Regulatory Organizations; National Securities Clearing Corporation; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change To Adopt Intraday Volatility Charge and Eliminate Intraday Backtesting Charge

John Markle, Robinhood; 2022

Letter
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